2020年我国水稻产业形势分析及2021年展望

在国家政策支持下,2020年我国水稻面积恢复增长至3 007.6万hm²,比2019年增加38.2万 hm²;受灾害偏重发生影响,水稻平均单产7 044.0 kg/hm²,降低15.0 kg/hm²,但仍为历史第2高;水稻总产2.1186亿t,增加225.0万t,连续10年稳定在2亿t以上。国内稻米市场价格持续上涨,特别是晚籼稻市场走势明显强于2019年,2020年12月稻谷收购价格2 740.3元/t,同比上涨9.0%;优质稻和普通稻价格分化明显,黄华占、丰两优等优质稻价格比普通品种每kg高0.2元以上。大米进口量恢复增长,2020年我国进口大米294.3万t,同比增长15.6%;出口大米230.5万t,减少16.1%。2020年品种审定数量继续大幅增加,市场结构持续优化,国审品种的总体优质化率超过50%。绿色发展稳步推进,绿色生产技术继续保持较快发展势头。分析了我国水稻生产存在的问题,展望了2021年水稻产业发展趋势：预计水稻面积小幅增加,单产稳定在7 050.0 kg/hm²,品种结构继续优化,大米市场平稳运行,绿色品种和技术推广应用加快。     

沙葱乙醇提取物对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

试验选择120只1日龄罗斯308商品肉鸡随机分为4个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分为AWEⅠ组、AWEⅡ组和AWEⅢ组,分别在基础日粮中添加100、300和500 mg/kg沙葱乙醇提取物(AWE),研究其对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明,沙葱乙醇提取物对肉仔鸡生产性能无显著影响(P0.05),但有促进日增重、提高采食量及降低料肉比等指标的趋势。     

不同品种牧草间组合时体外产气发酵特性研究

采用体外发酵产气技术研究了鲁梅克斯杂交酸模-三叶草分别与皇竹草、桂牧1号、冬牧70、矮象草、牛鞭草、黑麦草和苏丹草按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0的比例进行组合时的体外发酵产气特性。结果表明,当鲁梅克斯-三叶草分别与皇竹、桂牧1号和冬牧70组合时,产气量和理论最大产气量以鲁梅克斯-三叶草占75%时最高,而与黑麦草组合时则以25%时最高,并显著(P<0.05)高于其占75%的组合。与矮象草和苏丹草组合时以其占50%时最高,而与牛鞭草组合时则以50%最低。当鲁梅克斯-三叶草与除黑麦草之外的牧草组合时,产气速率随鲁梅克斯-三叶草所占比例的上升而上升,与黑麦草组合时,产气速率则呈相反方向变化,但不同组合比例间无显著差异。当鲁梅克斯-三叶草与除皇竹、桂牧1号、牛鞭草和冬牧70以外的禾本科牧草组合时,不同比例的牧草组合不同发酵时间点之间的正组合效应达到了显著水平。结论认为,3种牧草间组合可不同程度地提高牧草的体外发酵产气量。     

白三叶与不同禾草混播群落17年稳定性经较研究

在适度放牧条件下开展了白三叶与多年生黑麦草、紫羊茅、草地早熟禾和无芒雀麦的两两豆禾混播群落的种间相容性、群落生产力和稳定性的研究。17年的研究结果表明,白三叶 紫羊茅组合的年均干物质产量502g/m2,显著高于其他组合(P<0.05),但前期以白三叶 多年生黑麦草最高(P<0.05)。在时间序列混播比例的变化上,白三叶逐渐增加,然后维持在一定的范围;多年生黑麦草第1年最高,后逐渐下降;紫羊茅和草地早熟禾变化不大,而无芒雀麦减少最快,并最终消失;白三叶 紫羊茅组合的比例动态变化最小,组分稳定,而且群落抵抗力最强,年均杂草侵入量仅为2.4 g/m2,极显著地低于其他处理(P<0.01)。参试禾本科牧草与白三叶的种间相容性为紫羊茅>多年生黑麦草≥草地早熟禾>无芒雀麦。种间相容性是混播群落长期稳定性的重要决定因素。时间梯度上的群落生产力变化趋势,白三叶 紫羊茅和白三叶 草地早熟禾呈平稳略升,而白三叶 多年生黑麦草和白三叶 无芒雀麦呈前高后低模式。对混播群落稳定性的判断存在时间尺度和空间尺度。     

Effect of multi-enzymes in combination with a direct-fed microbial on performance and welfare parameters in broilers under commercial production settings

The objective of this study was to determine the response of broilers to the combination of multi-enzymes and direct-fed microbial (DFM) under commercial production settings. A total of 7,000 1-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were distributed over 10 pens (700 broilers/pen). Two dietary treatments were tested using complete randomized design, including a control diet and a test diet with addition of multi-enzymes (xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP)] and DFM (a combination of spores from 3 strains ofBacillus amyloliquefaciens). Pelleted diets were offered ad libitum in 3 phases and water was freely available. During starter and grower phases (0 to 21 d), the enzyme and DFM combination resulted in improved FE (P < 0.05). During the finisher phase, higher feed intake and BW gain (P < 0.05) were observed for the test group. Overall, there were significantly higher feed intake, BW gain, and lower water-to-feed ratio in test group compared to the control group. This was related to improved (P < 0.05) modified production efficiency factor which was calculated based on final BW, survival rate, feeding period, and mortality-weight-corrected FCR. The test group had improved litter quality and a reduced foot-pad lesion score compared to the control. In addition, there was a tendency (P < 0.1) of reducingClostridium perfringens population in cecal digesta and higher lactic acid content in the ileal digesta, when expressed on an as-is basis, in the test group. In this study, we demonstrated that using a multi-enzymes and DFM combination in the diet for broilers can result in improved FE in starter/grower phases and animal welfare parameters, and lead to improved production efficiency under commercial settings.     

Genotype,production system and sex effects on fatty acid composition of meat from goat kids

Two trials were performed to assess the meat fatty acid profile of goat kids from different genotypes, production systems and sex. In the first trial, genotype effect was determined in 24 suckling male kids from Turkish Saanen, Maltese and Gokceada breeds. In the second trial, male and female Gokceada Goat kids were used to compare the effect of extensive and semi‐intensive production systems on fatty acid composition of meat. Significant genotype effect was observed in the percentages of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n‐9), linolenic acid (C18:3 n‐3), arachidonic acid (C20:4 n‐6) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n‐3), despite no differences on the ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) and n‐6/n‐3 (P > 0.05). The effect of production system had also significant effects on fatty acids, but sex only influenced significantly stearic acid (C18:0), C18:1 n‐9 and C18:3 n‐3 fatty acids and total PUFA level and PUFA/SFA ratio. This study confirms that dairy breeds are prone to produce higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids in their muscle. Meanwhile, meat from Gokceada goat kids, which is one of the indigenous breeds in Turkey, had similar PUFA/SFA and n‐6/n‐3 ratios to Turkish Saanen and Maltase.     

Effect of water extract from spent mushroom substrate after Ganoderma balabacense cultivation by using JUNCAO technique on production performance and hematology parameters of dairy cows

The spent mushroom substrate of Ganoderma balabacense cultivation (SMSGB) contains a large amount of bioactive substances. However, the potentials of SMSGB for improving milk production in dairy cows have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, the effects of hot water extract (HWE) from spent mushroom substrate after G. balabacense cultivated with JUNCAO, the herbaceous plants long‐known to be suitable for cultivating edible and medicinal fungi, on production performance and hematology parameters of dairy cows, were determined. Holstein dairy cows were fed different doses of HWE. After a 60‐day administration period with 100 g/day of HWE, milk yield, milk protein and triglyceride (TG) levels increased by 4.02% (P < 0.01), 4.49% (P < 0.05) and 32.65% (P < 0.05), respectively; somatic cell count (SCC) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The production performance of dairy cows suggests that HWE with SMSGB treatment is effective in improving milk yield (P < 0.01) and hematology parameters of dairy cows, and may be useful as a functional feed additive.     

黄曲霉毒素生物合成及代谢转换的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxins,AFs)是真菌产生的有机代谢产物,具有强烈的生物毒性,广泛存在于饲料原料和各类饲料之中。本文综述了AFs的产生条件、合成途径以及AFB1在动物体内的代谢转化,旨为黄曲霉毒素的防控和动物健康养殖提供参考。     

围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响

草地生态系统固碳能力对全球碳贮量的大小有重要影响。放牧作为草地最广泛的利用方式之一影响着草地的碳贮量,过度和不合理的放牧方式造成草地退化,引起草地碳的损失。围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响主要包括对植被生产力和土壤碳贮量的影响,本文对有关的报道进行了综述。结果显示,由于受植被凋落物、群落结构和气候等多因素的影响,围栏禁牧对草地植被生产力有正面或负面的效应;放牧对植被生产力的影响也没有一致的结果,此外,放牧对植被生产力的影响还与放牧的强度有关。围栏禁牧与放牧可以通过多种途径对草地土壤碳贮量产生正面或负面的影响。总之,围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响是复杂多样的,需要对草地碳贮量进行估算,并对相关的机制进行研究,这样才能在草地管理方面做出合理的决策。